Chapter 16 Lectures

Modified: 2025-09-23 10:33 AM CDST

• Even the GOAT needs help, sometimes (p. 549)
  • Simone Biles is recognized as the greatest gymnast of all time, for good reason.
    • Netflix trailer: Simone Biles Rising (video)
• APPROACHES TO TREATING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS (p. 550)
• History of Therapy
  • Therapy of one sort or another has always been around, but its form has changed over the years
    • Classic Greece: milieu therapy
    • Early Midde Ages: monks and clergy provided humane therapy
    • Late Middle Ages: the rise of demonic possession theory and exorcism
    • 18th Century: Pinel and his reforms
    • 19th Century: Dorethea Dix
    • Early 20th Century: The large mental institution
    • Late 20th Century to present: psychoactive drugs and community-based outpatient therapy
• PSYCHOTHERAPY (p. 552)
  • Types of Therapists
    • Clinical psychologist (PhD or PsyD)
    • Counseling psychologist (Phd or PsyD)
      • Currently, some psychologists have prescription privileges in Louisiana, New Mexico, and Illinois.
    • Psychiatrist (Medical doctor, MD)
    • Psychoanalyst, MD plus training at a psychoanalytic institute)
    • Social worker (MSW or rarely, DSW)
  • Assessing Psychopathology
    • Answer three questions:
      • Does the client have a problem?
      • If yes, what is the problem?
      • How should the problem be treated?
• INTERSECTION: Clinical Psychology and Perception: Can We Predict the Therapeutic Alliance from How a Client Sounds? (p.555)
• Four features of speech were analyzed:
  • Fundamental frequency
  • Pauses
  • Speech rate
  • Jitter
• Pausing and Jitter indicated increase client stress.
• Psychoanalytic Therapy
  • Derived from Freud's approach
    • Search for repressed feelings, thoughts, and motives
    • Use free association and symbolic dream analysis
• Transference and Countertransference
  • Nature of therapy
  • Ethics of therapy
    • Transference
      • Judd Hirsh and Timothy Hutton in Ordinary People, notice how Hutton's character is screaming at Hirsch's therapist as if he were the dead brother who drowned. That's transference. Click HERE
    • Countertransference
      • Therapists are humans so they, too, develop emotional responses to their clients or patients. However, they are taught to not respond to those emotions.
• Humanistic and Client-Centered (Cognitive Therapies)
  • Clients vs patients
  • Reject medical model
  • Partnership of therapist and client
  • Client's self-understanding is key
  • Genuineness essential for human growth.
• Behavioral Therapy
  • From learning and conditioning theory
  • Attack symptoms, not causes
  • Counterconditioning
  • Systematic desensitization-works well for phobias
  • Extinction
  • Flooding
  • Implosive therapy
  • Token economies
  • Modeling
  • Aversive conditioning-client agrees to suffer bad consequences of behavior (e.g., taking antabuse, a drug that would make client vomit after imbibing alcohol.
  • Popular form of therapy today
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
  • Based on Bandura's cognitive learning approach
  • Ellis' Rational-Emotive therapy
    • Irrational Beliefs
      • Both Ellis's and Beck's theories seek to disabuse clients of their automatic irrational beliefs
      • Look at the list of irrational beliefs. Do you possess any of those?
  • Beck's therapy
  • Stress inoculation
  • Social problem solving
  • Scaling-rating self on intensity of a stimulus (e.g., fear)
    • Emergency room staff might ask you to scale the level of pain you are suffering on a scale of 1 to 10
    • Note that pain is subjective, meaning that different people will report pain in their own way.

• Effectiveness of Therapy
  • Therapy works, but many factors interact:
    • diagnosis match to actual treatment
    • the therapist
    • the client
    • the therapeutic alliance
• BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES (p. 562)
  • Biotherapies
    • Psychosurgery (not commonly practiced)
    • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
      • Sets off a temporary seizure in the brain
    • Drug therapies
      • Lithium for bipolar disorders
• SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACHES AND ISSUES IN TREATMENT (p. 567)
  • Group therapy
    • Clients meet as a group and share personal information
    • Six factors in group therapy:
      • information
      • universality
      • altruism
      • positive group feedback
      • development of social skills
      • interpersonal learning
  • AA and Therapy
    • Alcoholics Anonymous 12-step plan
    • Worldwide
    • Creates new life structure for members
    • Meetings can be found anywhere (even in Magnolia)
      • FYI, my brother has been sober for over 40 years. He attended the local meetings when visiting and was surprised that everyone at the meeting knew me. (Not because I was a member, but because Magnolia is a small town, He lives near Washington, DC,)
    • Secret AA code: "Are you a friend of Bill's?"
    • So, if a stranger asks you that question and you seem clueless, that's the end of that conversation. But, if you know the code you know that the stranger is asking you about AA and needs information about meetings and the location. "Bill" refers to Bill Wilson (1895-1971), the founder of Alcoholics Anonymous.
• THERAPIES AND HEALTH AND WELLNESS (p. 574)