- text
- nonlinear
- predates Internet and WWW
- uses hyperlinks to navigate
- Kardas and Milford (1996):
- probably the best example of a hyperspace is the Internet itself
- hyperspaces have no inherent, a priori, organization
- this page, and all of my others, are examples of me imposing a post hoc organization on a very tiny part of the Internet
- at the same time, I also create new pages (e.g., like this one) that add more content (and a little organization) to the hyperspace that is the Internet
- Note: others can and do take my pages and repurpose them to their own uses
- One page had linked to my general psychology page on Maslow and Rogers but capitalized my name using: "Kardas" not "kardas"
- little errors are a problem in URLs
- Extension of hypertext that adds graphics, audio, and video
- Hardware, software, and connection speed all had to improve to make usable hypermedia possible
- Vannevar Bush: Memex
(from "MEMory" and "EXtender")
- First idea (1939) about what would later become hypertext
- Inspired by the rapid and vast accumulation of knowledge
- (search engines and informatics are current types of tools related to the idea behind MEMEX)
- Gopher
- Preceded WWW
- Started at the University of Minnesota (e.g., the Golden Gophers) in 1991
- But the university did not fully fund it
- Metaphor, too, for tunneling through the Internet (like a gopher)
- Text only system
- Berners-Lee, the man behind the WWW, tried to get Gopher programmers to help him with what became the WWW, but was turned down
- There are still a few Gopher servers operating
- Here is a screen shot of an iPhone Gopher client
- Aspen Movie Map
- The first multimedia?
- Video of the Aspen Movie map
- Compare to my: magnolia arkansas approach at night
- So, what was once earth-shattering is now routine. Anyone with a smartphone and a YouTube account can best the Aspen Movie Map
- I like this one too because I make the trip to Texarkana all too often! This one is scary!
- What about Google Earth?
- The Google Earth (Streetview) picture taking car was in Magnolia a few years ago (photo: Magnolia Reporter 2 March 2015)
505 Hazel Cir, Magnolia, AR 71753
- HyperCard
- Apple and Bill Atkinson (1987, and before the WWW)
- Card metaphor
- Stacks of cards
- Had its own language: HyperTalk
- Black and White (color came later, but clunky)
- I created a general psychology course on HyperCard and tested two classes. One class received regular lectures using the HyperCard stacks the other studied the stacks on their own, came to class but only to interact with me personally about the course (no lectures).
- These two approaches are often called "sage on the stage" or "guide on the side." There were no significant differences in test scores but the lecture class preferred the class itself.
- The "guide on the side" class accessed the material in a Mac computer lab (now gone) after I had installed (by hand, aka "sneakernet" the HyperCard stacks on each computer. Yes, any changes required me to change the stacks on all computers.
- That ended my attempts at online around 1992 (and pre-Internet) teaching until now. ;-)
- Unfortunately, HyperCard ran into a development dead end and html and other web languages took its place.
Sample Card Sample Graphic Stack Structure 
- My general psychology stacks were designed for in class use as pre-PowerPoint lecture aids and others for individual study (see above left)
- Graphics, too, could be displayed in class (see middle panel), the structure of the stacks is displayed on the right panel
- In class, I could display pre PowerPoint lecture notes. Students could access the lectures in the lab and print them
- The stacks also included a Glossary, Pictures, Specific Examples, and Biographies
- Pavlov's Biography
- FYI: I made the scan using a 4" handheld scanner. Yes, it's still in a drawer somewhere in Peace Hall.
- Bombykol Example (moth's chemical pheromones)
- A publisher actually paid me to use this diagram in another textbook.
- Anterograde Amnesia (definition)
- The inability to make new long-term memories
- Pavlov's Biography
- As noted on our history page, Cognitive Science students in the 1990s wrote their own HyperCard stacks
- HTML (hypertext markup language)
- HTML is still the most common way to create web pages but most people do not code in html directly. Instead, they use an editor.
- Many applications (editors) can create hypermedia (I'm using Adobe Dreamweaver. At one point in the class (see the class history) students created HyperCard stacks, and later html pages using the Claris Home Page application. Later still, many students used PowerPoint or other software to make class presentations (see below)
Here is the html for the beginning of this page. Coding in this manner is not something I care to learn. Fortunately, DreamWeaver does it for me.
-
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Hypermedia & Multimedia</title>
</head> <body>
<h2>Hypermedia and Multimedia</h2>
<p><strong>Modified: <span style="color: #EC0D11">2020-04-16</span> (16:31:22)</strong></p>
<hr>
<p>text</p>
<hr>
<p>History of Hypermedia and Multimedia</p>
<p><strong>Hypertext and Hypermedia</strong> (Multimedia)</p>
<ul> -
- Why is multimedia important?
- This page highlights the use of web based materials and differentiates between:
- 3 Reasons Social Media is Important to Today’s World
- 9 Reasons Social Media is Important to Businesses
- I Know Why Social Media is Important. Now, I’m Ready to Get Started!
- Turn Social Media’s Importance into Revenue
- Why is multimedia important?
-
- Images
- A picture really is worth a thousand words
- Obviously, images are one of the key components of multimedia
- The images below show how I have changed over the years. (The 1974 picture is me in grad school, pity my poor professors!)
- Graphics
- Charts, tables, animations and more
- Infographics
- Convey more information, may be interactive
- Arkansas State Salaries
- Only includes salaries over $40,530
- Does not include college or university salaries
- Videos
- Users are more likely stay on a site with videos
- How to replace a showerhead
- I don't know about you, but I have used "how to" videos a lot recently. I have yet to create one, however.
1951 |
1956 |
1974 |
1998 |
2019 |
Streaming Media
- YouTube, Netflix, and Hulu
- A colleague and I chatted about the potential for streaming video many years ago and realized that many obstacles remained to be overcome: bandwidth, storage, and the ubiquity of online users.
- Today, many of those problems have been overcome and have changed the nature of video entertainment drastically
- Let's review the history of TV
- In South Arkansas we used to only have channels 3, 6, and 12, or the ABC, NBC, and CBS affiliates, respectively.
- Later AETN came on channel 9
- All of those stations broadcast their signals on air via transmission towers and TVs received them via external or internal antennas (rabbit ears, famously) Antennas today do not work with digital signals without installing a digital converter (Walmart has them)
- Below is a photo of the external antenna my son and I installed early in the 21st century. It is pointed toward Shreveport, fyi. We do not use it any more.
- Cable TV (CATV) began, at first, as a way of getting users outside of on air broadcasting limits access to TV. Later it became popular more widely, especially because of added channels
- VCRs
- SONY's Betamax came first
- Later VHS won over the market
- Soon, video stores popped up everywhere and some became national brands (Blockbuster)
- FYI: I first noticed the woman who became my wife (34 years and counting) at a Magnolia video store where she worked
- Now nearly all the video stores are gone, replaced by:
- Streaming Media
- Music
- SONY's Walkman was first successful portable music player, it used cassette tapes at first, this one was on sale on eBay recently for nearly $800. (Got one in the box? I'll give you $10 for it :-)
- Napster: music streaming from peer-to-peer computers
- Shut down later by copyright laws
- FYI: I downloaded a lot of audio files before it became illegal
- iPod: Apple's music player
- First model was really a repurposed 5mb hard drive
- Apple worked out deals with artists and audio companies to secure copyrights
- Users could download songs for $0.99 each and artists received royalties
- iPods got smaller and smaller
- Revived the music industry
- FYI, I still have the first model
- YouTube, Netflix, and Hulu
- YouTube
- Created in 2005
- Bought by Google in 2006 for $1.65 billion
- First video: "Lazy Sunday" (2009) on Saturday Night Live (it's a takeoff on Rap music, fyi)
- I like YouTube see my channel epk49 (not required, btw) Street Sweeper in Action was my most watched video of mine (3100 views), obviously most users are not envisioning that kind of street sweeper. Most likely they are thinking of an automatic firearm.
- Now, however, my two most watched videos are Marco Polo (21,000 views, 28 Aug 2012) and Analog Watch (6,300 views, 28 Jan 2012, and created for THIS CLASS, wow!)
- NETFLIX
- Began in 1997 as a way of mailing videos on DVDs
- Lost money early
- Blockbuster declined NETFLIX's offer to become their video streaming service
- NETFLIX persisted and began its own streaming service
- The rest is history. NETFLIX is now a mega corporation and few even remember Blockbuster
- hulu
- Available to the public in 2008
- Stream older TV shows
- Led to "cutting the cord" meaning not watching CATV or broadcast TV that much
- Smart TVs
- Connect to the Internet
- Can download apps
- Some can serve as controllers for smart home functions (e.g., lights or locks)
Media Formats
- Let's pause and consider the phenomenon of media
- Definition: (dictionary.com)-
(usually used with a plural verb) the means of communication, as radio and television, newspapers, magazines, and the internet, that reach or influence people widely: The media are covering the speech tonight.- Some media:
- line in the sand
- the Christian fish symbol
- alledgedly one would draw an arc in the sand with foot, a stranger who was also a Christian would complete the symbol. After, if was erased.
- smoke signals
- pencil or pen on paper
- printed matter (books, menus)
- aural media
- conversations (in person or over a device)
- "Are you a friend of Bill's?" is a coded signal used by Alcoholics Anonymous. If you say yes, then you are an AA member or sympathizer.
- radio
- audio-visual media
- movies
- TV
- long-lasting media
- gravestones
- information age
- IBM cards
- FYI: my first BASIC programs were written to IBM cards
- computer disks
- hard drives
- CD-ROMS
- DVDs
- USBs
- Clouds
- Problem: How do we preserve information when the medium changes?
- Example: I cannot show you the HyperCard stacks my students made because they are now incompatible with modern computers.
- Problem: How do we communicate information over extremely long periods (say 10,000 years)? Imagine us burying some environmental poison that might still kill people who did it up 10,000 years later. How do we warn them?
- Communicating Danger Across 10,000 Years
- Language will not help (remember Beowulf?)
- What shapes or markers might work?
- This is an essay question, fyi
- Communicating with Aliens
- Media carried by Voyager spacecraft (video)
- Carl Sagan narrates the video and shows the graphics encoded on NASA's Golden Record
Media in the Classroom
- History
- Blackboard and chalk
- FYI: I still have a box of chalk in my office. Some of my nightmares involve having only a teeny piece of chalk and a blackboard that is too smooth to write on.
- Mimeograph Machines
- Mimeographs in Schools
- Made copies from stencils usually in purple
- Watch the video on the site above
- Punched Cards
- Punched cards were the media that contained programming instructions for the earliest computers
- FYI: in my BASIC programming class (1970) the program consisted of a box of IBM cards in the proper order. After writing the program students walked the cards to a card reader.
- Dropping your box of punched cards and watching them scatter was a disaster
- Opaque Projectors
- Used to project hard copy materials
- Teacher would insert and raise the material for projection
- Noisy and hot machines
- Overhead Projectors
- Used printed or handwritten transparencies
- I still have both kinds stored in my office
- I would put a piece of paper on the screen to block the parts I did not want students to read ahead and slide it down as needed
- Behavioral and Social Sciences still keeps one handy in Peace Hall
- Slide Projectors
- Kodak Carousel ("next slide please")
- Film Strip Projectors
- Often used with tape recorders
- Yes, Behavioral and Social Sciences still has these and film strips but they have not been used in over 30 years!
- Film Projectors
- Usually 16mm
- Yes, we still have some ancient films stored away in Peace Hall
- LCD Panels
- Early computer interfaces
- Panel sat on top of overhead projector
- Some had limited color functionality
- Yes, Behavioral and Social Sciences still has one!
- The LCD panel below would be placed on the overhead projector
- LCD Projectors
- History
- Portable LCD projectors came first
- They combined the LCD display with projection
- Ceiling mounted projectors followed
- They were eventually installed in nearly every classroom
PowerPoint
- History
- Developed in 1984 by Forethought
- Started as "Presenter" and implemented on Mac platform first
- Names: Presenter->SlideMaker->OverheadMaker->PowerPoint
- Microsoft bought Forethought in 1987
- Released new Mac version and first PC version
- Windows version followed
- Now used widely
- PowerPoint Live (video works)
- Using PowerPoint Live requires that presenters have Microsoft 365 subscription (I don't have one)
- Viewers do not need that subscription
- Death by PowerPoint
- Not using PowerPoint effectively
- How to avoid it
- Prepare for your audience ahead of time
- Set an engaging tone early
- Use handouts to support main points
- FYI: I always recommend a one page, two-sided handout
- Create readable slides
- In dark rooms use use dark backgrounds and bright foregrounds'
- In bright rooms use light backgrounds and dark texts
- Be consistent: background, font, size
- Pick animations and graphics carefully
- Don't overload your audience's cognitive capacity
- Use one idea per slide
- Use no more than 6 lines/slide
- More slides with less information on each is better that fewer slides crammed with information
- Be a good presenter
- Rehearse
- Be prepared for glitches
- FYI: A SAU job candidate's PowerPoint was interrupted because Microsoft "decided" to update her laptop just after she started. She should not have allowed automatic software updates!
- Don't just read your slides. The audience can do that by itself.
- In years past, students in this Cognitive Science class worked in groups to prepare classroom presentations using PowerPoint or other presentation software.
- Here are some old student presentations about Hypertext and Multimedia
- Other Presentation Software
- As you might imagine, the success of PowerPoint has led to other software platforms to make presentations
Visme Prezi Keynote Slides Slidebean Zoho Show Google Slides Canva Beautiful.ai Microsoft Sway
- Obviously, presentations are a big part of modern life
Virtual Meetings
- Zoom and other platforms
- Google Meet (Best for collaborating on Google Workspace)
- Microsoft Teams (Best for meetings with AI capabilities)
- GoTo Meeting (Best simple interface with advanced features)
- Cisco Webex (Best for secure, unified communications)
- Discord (Best for interactive group communication)
- TeamViewer (Best for remote access)
- Slack (Best for instant meetings)
- RingCentral Video (Best for sales meetings and calls)
- Lark (Best for webinars and customization options)
- Jitsi Meet (Best for free video conferencing)
- Skype (Best for audio/video calls)
- Zoho Meeting (Best for webinars and screen sharing)
- Livestorm (Best for interactive video conferencing and events)
- Chanty (Best for internal team communication)
- Talk about your experiences with Zoom or similar platforms
Memes
- BTW: "memes" are older than the Internet
- a meme, back then, was defined as the analog to a gene
- but, where genes's information had to be transmitted sexually (e.g., you actually began with physical half copies of genetic information from you mother and father)
- memes, on the other hand, could be transmitted cognitively. So, a joke could be a meme. A sacred text was definitely a meme.
- Internet memes are similar except they are transmitted on the Internet. Many go viral (in the non-lethal meaning of that word)
- Bernie Sanders's mittens meme (video)
- Notice the multimedia skills of the persons creating the memes
- Bernie Sanders's mittens meme (video)