Sexual Health
Updated: 2023-08-02 (9:29 pm CDST)
All links below worked as of 2023-08-01
Report any linkrot to me ASAP
epkardas@saumag.edu
- Covid-19
- Symptoms (there is a wide range)
- Fever and chills
- Cough
- Shortness of breath or trouble breathing
- Fatigue
- Muscle or body aches
- Headache
- Loss of taste or smell
- Sore throat
- Runny nose or congestion
- Nausea or vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Would anyone like to comment on their Covid infection or others they have witnessed?
- Action
- Report to SAU Health Office in Reynolds Hall
- 870 235 5254
- They will tell you what to do next
- Sexual Violence
- SAU will present similar information to all seminars later in the semester. To me, that is too late.
- Changing Times and Mores
- Boys
- In the past, more likely to spend time outside of the house
- Today, "scheduled" time: sports, music, and other activities
- Girls
- In the past, more likely to spend time at home
- Today, also more "scheduled" time
- Personal
- In my family we allowed the two boys to walk to Middle School (0.8 miles)
- We never allowed our daughter to walk to Middle School
- Technology
- The Internet and smartphones have changed the world markedly
- Pornography
- Sexting
- Lowered teen dating and pregnancy
- Reflect
- Were your parents worried about you when outside the home?
- Did they restrict your activities? How?
- Relationship violence training at SAU:
- SAU usually schedules sessions on relationship violence for all seminar sections. I'll let you know when those will be for us.
- Inspired by the murders of Julie Hartsfield, Dana Hill, and Autumn Hartsfield.
- Common
- Usually victim and assailant know each other (date rape)
- Underreported
- Crime of violence
- Often caused by mutual misunderstanding
- Consent
- Prevention for women
- High positive correlation with drinking
- Set limits early
- Use the buddy system
- Make your intentions known early
- Make a scene
- Learn self defense
- Prevention for men
- Change mindset (these recommendations are absurd or extremely tongue-in-cheek, but that is the point)
- See Briere & Malamuth (1983), Self-reported likelihood of sexually aggressive behavior: Attitudinal vs. sexual explanations.
- See Clark & Hatfield (1989), Gender differences in receptivity to sexual offers.
- Research confederate students asked fellow students of the opposite sex they did not know the following questions:
- Would you go out tonight?
- Would you come over to my apartment?
- Would you go to bed with me?
- "The great majority of men were willing to have a sexual liaison with the women who approached them."
- "Not one woman agreed to a sexual liaison."
- It's on Us
- Long report on
- Their conclusion (in part):
- "Finally, building relationships between male-and-non-male-identifying students is key
to preventing objectification. Men with strong ties to women and other non-male-identifying
people in their life felt more responsibility toward others and anger at other men who
perpetrate violence. Ensuring that men, women, and gender nonconforming students are fully
integrated on campus helps ensure that non-male identifying students are seen as more than
objects. A key way to implement this would be to encourage co-ed clubs, such as intramural
sports, and decrease the number of single-sex activities on campus."
Title IX
- History (Department of Justice)--show graphs
- Number of men and women earning bachelor's degrees
- Male and female participation in high school athletics
- SAU and Title IX show video
- Cornell University: "Intervene" Bystander Campaign (19:47)
- SAU Complaint Form
- AAUP on Title IX Abuse
- Title IX covers:
- Harassment (sexual or gender based)
- Sexual assault
- Rape (including date rape)
- Sexual exploitation
- Intimate partner violence (including dating violence)
- Stalking
- Retaliation
- SAU in 2018-2019
- 18 incidents
- Sexual Assault: 2 (1 was rape)
- Sexual Harassment
- Faculty to Student: 2
- Student to Student: 6
- Retaliation: 1
- Stalking: 1
- Voyeurism: 1
- Intimate Partner Violence: 1
- SAU in 2020-2021
- 9 reports
- Sexual Assault/Rape: 2
- Sexual Harrassment
- Stalking: 2
- Physical Violence: 1 (not in a dating relationship)
- SAU in 2021-2022
- Title IX received 8 reports:
- 3 sexual harassment (student to student referred to conduct office)
- 2- stalking (did not meet the definition of stalking)
- 1- physical violence (not IPV so handled through the conduct office)
- 2 sexual assault (rape).
CONTRACEPTION AND STERILIZATION
- Erotophobia, Erotophilia and Contraception
- Five steps of contraceptive use
- acquire accurate knowledge
- acknowledge likelihood of engaging in intercourse
- obtain the contraceptive
- communicate with partner about contraception
- use method of contraception
- Erotophobics
(definition)
- do not discuss sex
- high levels of guilt
- fear of sex disapproval
- infrequent intercourse
- few partners
- not likely to use contraception
- Erotophilics
(definition)
- discuss sex
- little guilt about sex
- more frequent intercourse
- more partners
- aroused by erotic films
- likely to use contraception
- How Early 2000s Pop Culture Changed Sex-The Atlantic Daily, August 23, 2022. (The Atlantic Daily allows individuals free access to a limited number of articles)
- The feminist writer and activist Ellen Willis is best known for defining the idea of pro-sex feminism in the 1980s. But only a little while later, Willis noticed that women’s liberated sexuality had turned out to be, as she put it, “often depressingly shallow, exploitative, and joyless.”
- The Atlantic culture writer Sophie Gilbert contemplated Willis’s legacy in her recent review of Bad Sex, a new book by the writer Nona Willis Aronowitz—who also happens to be Willis’s daughter. I called Sophie to chat about some of the bigger ideas her article touched on.
- Isabel: You write that “somehow, we let the thoughtful and charged sex positivity espoused by Ellen Willis and her peers curdle into the practice of sex as conspicuous, often unsatisfying, consumption.” What happened?
- Sophie: In the ’60s and ’70s, Willis argued, the sexual revolution happened, but in the way of eliminating obstacles to sex. In 1973, Roe v. Wade was decided. Contraception for married couples was legalized during the ’60s and for unmarried people in 1972. The idea that women could have casual sex was becoming more socially acceptable than it had been at any point during the 20th century. For women, there weren’t as many obstacles to sex as there had been before, and there weren’t as many punishments for having sex as there had been.
- Success Rates of Contraception
- Lowest observed failure rate (theoretical rate)
- this the rate typically reported in controlled studies of the method
- Failure rate for typical users (actual rate)
- this is the rate reported 'in the field' (i.e., forgetting to take pill)
- Methods
- Birth control pills
- prevent ovulation by causing high levels of estrogen
- progestin also used to make thicker cervical mucus, discourage implantation
- failure rates from .1 to 3%
- FYI, our daughter in law is expecting her second child in January 2024 even though she was on BC pills
- side effects similar to pregnancy
- several types of pill
- combination pill (estrogen and progestin)
- biphasic (estrogen and two levels of progestin)
- progestin only (mini pills)
- side effects
- blood clotting
- higher blood pressure
- vaginitis, gonorrhea
- nausea
- weight gain
- water retention
- no evidence of cancer causation
- Norplant
(picture)
- implanted in skin
- lasts up to six years
- most effective method of all (0.09% actual)
- Depo-Provera (picture)
- progestin injections
- last up to 90 days
- amenorrhea
- 6-12 months for full reversibility
- IUDs (picture)
- Now recommended for nulliparous women
- device inserted into uterus
- unknown method of contraceptive action
- T-shaped IUDs are only type still available in US
- Dalkon shield case
- effective method (1.5 -5% failure rate)
- side effects
- PIDs
- increased menstrual cramps
- pain on insertion
- History of IUDs
- Diaphragm (picture of one and of sponge)
- individually fitted rubber dome
- used with spermicide
- mechanical action
- effectiveness depends of user (2-18% failure rate)
- few side effects
- loss of spontaneity
- moderate cost
- reversible method
- Cervical Cap (picture)
- similar to diaphragm in action
- used with spermicide
- higher failure rate for multiparous women (36%)
- Contraceptive Sponge (picture)
- similar to diaphragm and cervical cap
- includes spermicide
- worn for up to 12 hours
- toxic shock syndrome possible if not removed
- Condom
- Male
(picture)
- only reversible male method
- method that reduces chances of AIDS infection
- failure rate 2-10%, better with spermicide
- Female (picture)
- newer device
- reduces chances if AIDS infection
- relatively high failure rate (21%)
- Spermicides
- not for use as primary method (25% failure rate)
- Douching
- Withdrawal
- also not an effective contraceptive method (19%)
- only last minute (second?) method
- Rhythm (fertility awareness)
(picture)
- Catholics...
- kits available but used also for fertility enhancement
- Sterilization
- In Arkansas, sterilizations are on the rise
- Male
- Female
- Abortion
- Controversial topic, Roe v. Wade repealed in 2022
- News:
- During pandemic the FDA allowed physicians to mail abortion pills (mifepristone) to patients
- Now laws are changing about chemical abortion
- Methods
- Vacuum aspiration
- Dilation and evacuation
- Induced labor
- Hysterotomy
- Psychological Aspects
- most women have positive outcomes
- New Methods of Contraception
- RU-486 or methotrexate and mifepristone
(article)
- 'morning after' pill
- not really contraception
- controversy over use in US
- SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs)
- Chlamydia (NGU) (CDC Fact Sheet)
- Bacterium--Chlamydia trachomatis is the cause, many cases (4 million/year)
- Symptoms
- clear discharge, mild discomfort on urination
- can be asymptomatic
- Treatment
- does not respond to penicillin
- azithromycin or doxycycline used
- failure to treat can lead to complications including pelvic inflammatory disease
- HPV (human papilloma virus, genital warts) CDC Fact Sheet
- around 3 million new cases/year
- Diagnosis
- warts near urethra, on penis, or vulva
- appearance is diagnostic
- Treatment
- podophyllum or tricholoroacetic acid
- liquid nitrogen
- laser therapy
- all need to be repeated, virus remains in body
- interferon
- Gardasil 9
- Genital Herpes
(CDC Fact Sheet)
- virus--Herpes simplex II (Herpes simplex I usually non-genital, but oral sex...)
- Symptoms
- painful bumps or blisters
- last a few weeks, then dormant
- four recurrences/year is average
- stress can cause recurrence
- fatal for infants
- Treatment
- none
- acyclovir eases pain and shrinks sores
- pain and sores milder after time
- HIV Infection and AIDS
- First cases in 1981 in San Francisco Gay community
- AIDS virus identified in 1984 by Gallo and/or Montagnier
- HIV-1--most cases, HIV-2--found mostly in Africa
- An Epidemic?
- AIDS Fact Sheet
- But, as a disease, fragile virus, transmitted under special conditions
- Transmission
- AIDS is transmitted via:
- sexual intercourse (vaginal or anal)
- contaminated blood
- contaminated needles
- to infant during childbirth
- Risks are greatest:
- in anal intercourse
- with more partners
- with risky partner (HIV positive, IV drug user, hemophiliac)
- for heterosexual females
- The Disease
- HIV infection stages
- initial infection--no symptoms, antibodies within 2 to 8 weeks
- asymptomatic carrier--7 to 9 years
- lymphdenopathy--swollen lympth nodes, night sweating, fever, loss of weight, diarrhea, fatigue
- AIDS--infected by life-threatening opportunistic infections, T4 cell count drops
- Diagnosis
- HIV Diagnosis (Mayo Clinic)
- "HIV is most commonly diagnosed by testing your blood or saliva for the presence of antibodies to the virus."
- Treatment
- UCSF Page on AIDS Treatments
- "At this time, there is no cure for AIDS, but medications are effective in fighting HIV and its complications. Treatments are designed to reduce HIV in your body, keep your immune system as healthy as possible and decrease the complications you may develop."
- HIV genetic resistance?
- A very small minority have a mutation that prevents HIV infection. They lack the CCR-5 gene.
- AIDS Vaccine News
- Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP), thanks to John-Haydin McElyea
- Gonorrhea (the Clap, the Drip)
(CDC Fact Sheet)
- Oldest of STDs, usually occurs from vaginal intercourse
- Symptoms
- bacterial inflammation of urethra
- clear discharge at first
- changes to purulent discharge
- burning sensation on urination
- females can be asymptomatic and, if untreated, can lead to complications
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- treat with penicillin or tetracycline
- resistant strains require ceftriaxone
- Eddie Murphy on VD (language warning, will not show in class)
- Syphilis
(CDC Fact Sheet)
- Since 1400s, could be West to East migrant, caused by Treponema pallidum
- Symptoms
- chancre--primary stage
- body rash--variable, painless--secondary stage
- no symptoms--latent stage
- cardiovascular or neural symptoms--tertiary stage (10-40 years after infection)
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- large doses on long-acting antibiotics, especially penicillin
- Viral Hepatitis
(CDC Index)
- liver disease
- five types: A, B, C, D, E (A, B, and C are most common)
- type B transmitted via sexual means
- blood, semen, other bodily fluids
- vaccine for type B
- Pubic Lice (crabs)
(picture)
- lice (e.g., the true meaning of "lousy")
- transmitted via sexual or other contact
- use special shampoos
- nits?
- Other Infections
- Vaginitis (Mayo Clinic)
- Monilia--yeast infection
- Trichomoniasis--STD
- Nonspecific Vaginitis
- Cystitis--E. coli
- Prostatitis--E. coli
- Prevention
- wash and dry vulva
- do not use feminine products
- wear cotton underwear
- wear loose clothing
- reduce sugar and carbohydrates in diet
- wipe from front to back
- douche with vinegar
- Whew! Now you know. Be safe!
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